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Adipose tissue, once thought to be merely a passive storage depot for excess energy, is now recognized as an active endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in the regulation of metabolism, inflammation, and overall health. In mice, as in humans, adipose tissue secretes a variety of signaling molecules known as adipokines. These proteins have profound effects on a range of physiological processes, influencing energy balance, insulin sensitivity, and immune responses.
Role of Adipokines
Adipokines can be classified into two main categories based on their functions: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. This classification is significant as the balance between these types can dictate the metabolic state of an individual.
- Pro-inflammatory Adipokines: These include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are associated with the development of chronic inflammation in obesity. Elevated levels of these adipokines can lead to insulin resistance and exacerbate metabolic disorders. For example, TNF-α is known to impair insulin signaling pathways, contributing to glucose intolerance.
- Anti-inflammatory Adipokines: In contrast, adiponectin is a key anti-inflammatory adipokine that enhances insulin sensitivity and exerts protective effects against metabolic syndrome. Low levels of adiponectin are often found in obese individuals, highlighting its potential role in the development of insulin resistance.
Mechanisms Linking Adipokines to Obesity
Obesity is characterized by an expansion of adipose tissue, particularly visceral fat, which is more metabolically active than subcutaneous fat. This expansion leads to an altered adipokine secretion profile, resulting in an imbalance that favors pro-inflammatory signals.
- Chronic Inflammation: As adipose tissue expands, it becomes hypoxic and infiltrated with immune cells, such as macrophages. This immune response leads to an increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines, perpetuating a cycle of inflammation and metabolic dysregulation.
- Insulin Resistance: The altered profile of adipokines contributes to insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. For instance, high levels of resistin, another adipokine, have been linked to increased hepatic glucose production and impaired insulin action.
Understanding the intricate interactions between adipokines and obesity opens pathways to explore related topics within metabolic research. Studies utilizing mouse models offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of adipokine signaling and its broader implications for human health. By investigating how specific adipokines influence the pathophysiology of obesity, researchers can inform the development of targeted interventions, including potential pharmacological agents designed to modulate adipokine activity effectively. This knowledge not only enhances our comprehension of obesity but also paves the way for innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at combating metabolic disorders.
Mouse Adipokine/Obesity Panel at Creative Proteomics
Creative Proteomics employs the Luminex xMAP technology to facilitate the Mouse Adipokine/Obesity Panel analysis. This technology is renowned for its ability to analyze multiple analytes simultaneously from a small sample volume, making it ideal for comprehensive profiling of adipokines in various biological matrices.
Detection Method
Magnetic bead-based Luminex multiplex assay
Species
Mouse
Analytes Detected
| Species | Specification | Protein Targets | Applications | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse | Mouse Adipokine/Obesity 12-plex Panel | Adiponectin | Ideal for studying adiponectin levels and their implications in obesity and metabolic disorders. | +Inquiry |
| Mouse | Mouse Adipokine/Obesity 5-plex Panel | HGF, IGFBP-3, Leptin/oB, TIMP-1, VEGF | Suitable for analyzing the roles of growth factors and metabolic regulators in obesity research. | +Inquiry |
| Mouse | Mouse Adipokine/Obesity 7-plex Panel | IL-6, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1/CCL2, PAI-1 (total), Resistin, TNFα | Useful for exploring inflammatory responses and insulin signaling pathways in obesity. | +Inquiry |
| Mouse | Mouse Adipokine/Obesity 7-plex Panel | Adiponectin, IL-6, Leptin, MCP-1/CCL2, PAI-1 (total), Resistin, TNFα | Comprehensive profiling of inflammatory and metabolic markers associated with obesity. | +Inquiry |
| Mouse | Mouse Adipokine/Obesity 23-plex Panel | Adiponectin/Acrp30, BAFF/BLyS/TNFSF13B, C-Reactive Protein/CRP, CCL2/JE/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES, Complement Factor D/Adipsin, DPPIV/CD26, FGF basic/FGF2, FGF-21, ICAM-1/CD54, IGFBP-1, IL-1 beta/IL-1F2, IL-6, IL-10, M-CSF, Oncostatin M/OSM, Prolactin, Proprotein Convertase 9/PCSK9, RAGE/AGER, Resistin, Serpin E1/PAI-1, TNF-alpha | Extensive analysis of various adipokines, allowing for a robust understanding of obesity-related mechanisms and therapeutic targets. | +Inquiry |
Advantages of the Mouse Adipokine/Obesity Luminex Assay
- Multiplexing Capability: The Luminex platform allows for the simultaneous measurement of multiple adipokines from a single sample. This multiplexing capability significantly increases throughput and efficiency, enabling researchers to obtain comprehensive data in a shorter timeframe.
- High Sensitivity and Specificity: Luminex assays utilize color-coded beads that are uniquely coated with specific capture antibodies. This design enhances the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, allowing for the accurate detection of low-abundance adipokines that may be critical in understanding metabolic disorders.
- Reduced Sample Volume Requirements: The assay requires only a small sample volume, making it suitable for studies where sample availability may be limited. This feature is particularly advantageous for research involving precious samples, such as those derived from animal models or clinical studies.
- Rapid Turnaround Time: The streamlined workflow of the Luminex assay facilitates faster sample processing and data analysis. Researchers can obtain results promptly, allowing for timely adjustments to experimental designs and hypotheses.
- Robust Reproducibility: The assay has been validated extensively, ensuring high reproducibility of results across different experiments and conditions. This reliability is crucial for drawing meaningful conclusions from studies involving adipokine dynamics in obesity.
- Customizable Panels: Researchers can customize their panels to include specific adipokines of interest, accommodating diverse research needs. This flexibility enables the exploration of unique pathways and mechanisms related to obesity and metabolic diseases.
- Comprehensive Profiling: The assay covers a wide range of adipokines and related markers, providing a holistic view of the metabolic landscape. This comprehensive profiling is essential for elucidating the multifaceted role of adipokines in obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance.
Sample Requirements for Mouse Adipokine/Obesity Luminex Panel
| Sample Type | Volume Required | Storage Conditions | Stability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whole Blood | 1-5 mL | 4°C (short term), -80°C (long term) | Up to 24 hours at 4°C, long-term at -80°C |
| Plasma | 0.5-1 mL | -80°C | Up to 6 months at -80°C |
| Serum | 0.5-1 mL | -80°C | Up to 6 months at -80°C |
| Cell Culture Supernatant | 0.5-1 mL | -80°C | Up to 6 months at -80°C |
| Synovial Fluid | 0.5-1 mL | -80°C | Up to 6 months at -80°C |
| Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) | 0.5-1 mL | -80°C | Up to 6 months at -80°C |
| Urine | 5-10 mL | -80°C | Up to 6 months at -80°C |
| Tissue Homogenate | 0.5-1 g | -80°C | Up to 6 months at -80°C |
Application of Mouse Adipokine/Obesity Panel
- Investigating Obesity Mechanisms
The panel facilitates the examination of the roles of various adipokines in the development and progression of obesity. By measuring levels of multiple adipokines simultaneously, researchers can identify dysregulated pathways and mechanisms contributing to obesity.
- Studying Metabolic Disorders
Given the close relationship between adipokines and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, the panel can be used to explore how specific adipokines influence insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles in mouse models. This information is crucial for understanding the metabolic consequences of obesity.
- Evaluating Inflammatory Responses
Many adipokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha, are involved in inflammatory processes. The mouse adipokine/obesity panel enables researchers to assess the inflammatory profile of adipose tissue in obesity, helping to elucidate the role of chronic inflammation in metabolic dysfunction.
- Assessing Therapeutic Interventions
Researchers can utilize the panel to evaluate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents, including pharmacological treatments, dietary interventions, or lifestyle changes. By measuring changes in adipokine levels pre- and post-treatment, the impact of these interventions on metabolic health can be quantified.
- Characterizing Animal Models
The panel can be employed to characterize mouse models of obesity, such as genetically modified mice or those subjected to high-fat diets. By profiling adipokine levels in these models, researchers can validate their relevance to human obesity and metabolic disorders.
- Exploring the Role of Adipokines in Comorbidities
Obesity is often associated with various comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The panel allows researchers to investigate how changes in adipokine profiles correlate with the onset and progression of these associated conditions.
- Identifying Biomarkers for Disease Prediction
By correlating adipokine levels with obesity-related health outcomes, the mouse adipokine/obesity panel can help identify potential biomarkers for early detection and prediction of metabolic disorders. This information is valuable for developing preventive strategies in at-risk populations.
In addition to preconfigured panels, we also offer customized analysis services. You can customize your own panel through our customization tool, or directly email us the targets you are interested in. A professional will contact you to discuss the feasibility of customization. We look forward to working with you!
| Protein Target | Description |
|---|---|
| Adiponectin | An adipokine with anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties; plays a crucial role in glucose regulation and fatty acid oxidation. |
| HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor) | A growth factor involved in tissue regeneration and repair; influences metabolic processes and adipocyte function. |
| IGFBP-3 (Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3) | A protein that binds insulin-like growth factors, regulating their availability and activity, thereby impacting cell growth and metabolism. |
| Leptin/oB | An adipokine that regulates energy balance and appetite; its levels are closely associated with body fat mass and obesity. |
| TIMP-1 (Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1) | A protein that inhibits matrix metalloproteinases; involved in tissue remodeling and may play a role in inflammation. |
| VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) | A key factor in angiogenesis; its expression is linked to obesity-related vascular complications. |
| IL-6 (Interleukin-6) | A pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a role in the immune response and is implicated in metabolic regulation. |
| Insulin | A hormone crucial for glucose metabolism; its signaling pathways are often disrupted in obesity and insulin resistance. |
| MCP-1/CCL2 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1) | A chemokine that recruits monocytes to sites of inflammation; associated with obesity-induced inflammation. |
| PAI-1 (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, total) | A protein that regulates fibrinolysis; elevated levels are linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. |
| Resistin | An adipokine associated with insulin resistance; its role in obesity-related inflammation is an area of active research. |
| TNFα (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) | A cytokine involved in systemic inflammation; it plays a key role in the pathophysiology of obesity and insulin resistance. |
| Adiponectin/Acrp30 | An adipokine with anti-inflammatory effects, associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity and metabolic health. |
| BAFF/BLyS/TNFSF13B | A cytokine involved in B-cell maturation and survival; its levels may be affected by obesity and metabolic states. |
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | An acute-phase protein that indicates inflammation; elevated levels are often observed in obese individuals. |
| CCL2/JE/MCP-1 | A chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, playing a significant role in obesity-related inflammation. |
| CCL5/RANTES | A chemokine that recruits immune cells; associated with inflammatory processes in obesity. |
| Complement Factor D/Adipsin | A component of the complement system; its role in adipocyte function and metabolism is being explored. |
| DPPIV/CD26 | An enzyme involved in various biological processes, including glucose metabolism and immune response; its levels may be altered in obesity. |
| FGF basic/FGF2 | A growth factor involved in angiogenesis and tissue repair; may play a role in obesity-related metabolic dysregulation. |
| FGF-21 | An endocrine factor that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism; has potential therapeutic implications in obesity. |
| ICAM-1/CD54 | An intercellular adhesion molecule involved in inflammation and immune response; associated with obesity-related complications. |
| IGFBP-1 | A binding protein for insulin-like growth factors, influencing growth and metabolic regulation; its levels are affected by obesity. |
| IL-1 beta/IL-1F2 | A pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in inflammatory responses; contributes to obesity-related inflammation. |
| IL-6 | A cytokine that plays a dual role in inflammation and metabolism; elevated in obesity. |
| IL-10 | An anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates immune responses; its role in obesity-related inflammation is under investigation. |
| M-CSF (Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor) | A growth factor that influences macrophage development and function; relevant in obesity-associated inflammation. |
| Oncostatin M/OSM | A cytokine involved in inflammation and tissue remodeling; its role in obesity and metabolic disease is being studied. |
| Prolactin | A hormone with various roles, including metabolism regulation; its levels may be affected by obesity. |
| Proprotein Convertase 9/PCSK9 | A protein involved in cholesterol metabolism; its interaction with obesity-related pathways is of interest. |
| RAGE/AGER (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products) | A receptor implicated in inflammation and metabolic dysfunction, relevant to obesity-related complications. |
| Resistin | An adipokine linked to insulin resistance; its role in obesity-related metabolic disturbances is under active investigation. |
| Serpin E1/PAI-1 | A protein that inhibits fibrinolysis and is associated with obesity-related thrombotic risks. |
| TNF-alpha | A pro-inflammatory cytokine central to the inflammatory response; its elevation is linked to obesity and metabolic disorders. |
How do I interpret the results from the Mouse Adipokine/Obesity Panel?
Results are typically presented in pg/mL or ng/mL, depending on the adipokine being measured. The interpretation of results should consider the physiological context, including the specific experimental model and the overall health status of the subjects. Comparative analysis against control groups or previous studies can help contextualize findings. It is advisable to collaborate with a qualified researcher or biostatistician to ensure appropriate data interpretation.
Can the panel be used for longitudinal studies?
Absolutely. The Mouse Adipokine/Obesity Panel is well-suited for longitudinal studies, allowing researchers to track changes in adipokine levels over time. By collecting samples at multiple time points, researchers can gain insights into the dynamics of adipokine signaling in relation to interventions or disease progression.